Diabetic sugar belongs to the group of endocrine diseases. The pathology develops in the event of a violation of the production or action on the tissues of insulin - the hormone of the island apparatus of the pancreas that contributes to the absorption of glucose. Sugar can accumulate in the blood (hyperglycemia) and in the urine (glycosuria).
The long disorder of glucose discharge leads to a disorder of all types of metabolism. The pathology of the island apparatus often continues with differently with respect to the severity of disorders from other organs and systems. Characteristics are disarms of small vessels, retina, kidneys and nervous system.
Usually, diabetes mellitus has been quite abnormalities of metabolism and is easily diagnosed. It is more difficult to identify the disease in the initial and preclinical stage when the patient's complaints are minimal or absent. This requires a deep purposeful study. Identifying the disease in the early stages is an important condition for effective treatment and prevention of prevention.
If you need to undergo a comprehensive examination for endocrinopathy or are looking for where to cure diabetes mellitus only to professional doctors. Patients' services are experienced endocrinologists and laboratory with modern diagnostic equipment for high -precision research.
The main symptoms of diabetes mellitus
This disease is characterized by a number of complaints and objective characteristics found through laboratory diagnostic tests. The first manifestations of diabetes are quite diverse. Separate signs or a group of symptoms that may indicate the disease include:
- specific metabolic disorders - change in body weight, thirst, increased urination, constant feeling of hunger;
- General non -specific complaints - loss of strength, fatigue with minor stresses, drowsiness, muscle weakness;
- dry skin, itching in the genital area, around the anus;
- Often repeated boils, sluggish wound healing;
- painful dry mouth, feeling of swelling of the oral mucosa;
- poor tooth condition, inappropriate for age;
- Neuritis with impaired peripheral sensitivity;
- change in sexual, reproductive functions - loss of attraction, infertility, birth of big babies;
- Defeat of the visual organs;
- Complaints of the cardiovascular system.
Often the symptoms do not cause concern in the patient and he does not consider it necessary to consult a doctor. Sometimes all manifestations of the disease are absent and hyperglycemia is found only in a planned examination.
The most characteristic of the pathology of the island apparatus is the complaints of the metabolic:
- Polyuria (rapid urination). In hypo -indulting, urine isolation is common in large quantities. Its daily volumes exceed 3 liters. Daily urination prevails, without pain.
- Polydipsia (thirst). Increased thirst is due to dehydration. The amount of drunk with fluid exceeds 3 liters. Often patients prefer sweetened drinks to quench thirst.
- Changing weight. The reduction in body weight is due to the loss of fluid, proteins, fats, carbohydrates. Excess weight may precede the disease or contribute to its development.
- Polyphag (increased appetite). Preference is given to sweet carbohydrate foods. In the initial stage of the disease, hunger manifests itself more often in the form of painful seizures.
If the hospital for diabetics, there are pathological signs or a diagnostic center for a purposeful examination.
Factors affecting the development of diabetes mellitus
The mechanisms of diabetes are distinguished by two key points, on the basis of which the disease is divided into species:
- Low insulin production of pancreatic intrasector cells.
- Disruption of the hormone's ability to act on the body, the immunity of cells to insulin.
In the case of insufficient insulin products, type 1 diabetes develops. It is based on the progressive destruction of the Langgana Islands (intraregional pancreatic cells). This happens due to autoimmune processes in the body - antibodies to insulin, secretory cellular structures and enzymes.
The provocative factors in the development of autoimmune disorders can serve:
- viral infections;
- Disruption of nutrition during pregnancy, during meals;
- adverse environmental situation;
- Stressful action.
Type 1 diabetes is more commonly diagnosed in young people. The first manifestations of pathology occur when the death of intraregional cells reaches more than 80%. The disease continues at a high risk of complications, all types of metabolism suffer significantly.
Type 2 diabetes occurs with the immunity of tissue receptors to the action of insulin. In this case, the hormone is reproduced in normal or slightly reduced amounts. The mechanism of such disorders is associated with the initially lower structure of insulin (hereditary predisposition) or acquired changes, resulting in the transmission of receptors from receptors to the internal structures of the cell.
Provokes the development of type 2 disease can:
- Improper diet, overeating;
- A sedentary lifestyle;
- hypertension;
- alcohol abuse;
- Age -related changes;
- obesity;
- Uncontrolled medicines.
Diagnostic diagnostic methods
According to statistics, about 2, 5% of the world's population suffer from diabetes. The number of people with a latent course or predisposed to the disease is much more. Over time, identified hyperglycemia allows you to prevent serious complications.
The main method of diagnosing a disorder is laboratory tests. The most reliable sign of impaired metabolism is an increase in blood sugar on an empty stomach above 6, 1 mmol/l and 2 hours after meals - over 11, 1 mmol/l. The glucose -tolerance test is used for dubious results.
People under 45 are recommended to examine blood sugar levels at least every 3 years. Annually, screening is required for risky persons:
- obesity;
- age after 45 years;
- hereditary predisposition;
- Increased glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides.
Patients in the risk group and already identified disease need a more in -depth study by laboratory and instrumental methods. Equipment in centers or clinics in the treatment of diabetes meets world diagnostic standards.
Modern clinics offer various diabetes treatment programs aimed at identifying metabolic disorders and complications in the early stages. These include:
- Biochemical blood test (all necessary indicators - glucose, lipid spectrum, protein, transaminase, potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium);
- Clinical blood test;
- urine analysis;
- Ophthalmologist check;
- Duplex scanning of the main arteries of the head;
- Consultation for an endocrinologist.
Of particular importance is the level of glycated hemoglobin in the blood for long-term control of glucose (the last 2-3 months) and the quality of the quality of therapy. The test is included in the standard of specialized care and should be performed in all patients with diabetes every 3 months.
The methodology for determining this indicator requires high quality equipment and interpretation of data. At the Diabetes Treatment Center, modern laboratory equipment allows you to monitor the results with high accuracy without re -analysis. Patients' services are experienced specialists, a wide profile of diagnostic capabilities, the latest technologies for examination and treatment.
Methods of treating diabetes
There are no effective ways to completely treat. Most often, the treatment of diabetes is to achieve stable indicators of blood glucose levels, prevent late complications and normalize lipid blood spectrum and blood pressure level.
All patients should adhere to a diet. It is recommended to limit fast carbohydrates, balance the protein ratio (20%), fat (20%) and carbohydrates (60%). The content of calories in food must be in line with physical activity. In mild cases, it is possible to compensate for pathology with the help of a diet.
All patients are trained in self -control. The level of capillary blood sugar is determined by the patient himself, using portable glucometers. The long -term monitoring of indicators and the effectiveness of therapy is controlled by an endocrinologist.
Drug treatment involves taking oral fat and insulin therapy. Indications for insulin replacement therapy:
- All patients with type 1 diabetes;
- ineffectiveness of other types of treatment;
- signs of decompensation of metabolic disorders;
- ketoacidosis;
- intolerance to prodigal sugar -by no means;
- Remote pancreas.
Criteria for compensation for metabolic disorders:
- The level of glycated hemoglobin is less than 7%.
- Glucose blood on an empty stomach without 5, 0-6, 5 mmol/l.
- Blood glucose after 2 hours after meals without 8-10 mmol/l.
- Blood glucose before bedtime - less than 7, 5 mmol/l.
- Blood cholesterol - smaller than 4, 8 mmol/l.
- Triglycerides without 1, 7-1, 8 mmol/l.
- Blood pressure - less than 130/80 mm Hg. Pillar.
An important condition for adequate control over the disease is the choice of an experienced specialist. If you need to undergo diabetes in hospital, carefully choose clinics that offer quality and professional services.